Asma grave e ACOS: differenze e similitudini
Both ACOS (Asthma COPD Overlap Syndrome) and severe asthma are heterogeneous pathologicalconditions, in which numerous phenotypes or endotypes of asthma and COPD can be kept together, under a single clinico-pathophysiological umbrella definition. The definition of severe asthma is based on the persistence of poor disease control in asthmatic patients, who take high doses of inhaled and systemic steroids, while ACOS is generally termed as “bronchial obstructive pathological condition overlapping inflammatory, pathophysiological and clinical features typical of asthma and COPD”. ACOS can’t be actually differentiated from severe asthma by using a single spirometric test showing a non-reversible obstructive bronchial disease (FEV1/FVC < LLN), because an obstructive spirometric pattern can be present in the two pathological conditions. Therefore, a correct differential diagnosis needs a contextualization of spirometry in consideration of the clinico-functional history and of the response to therapy, particularly to steroid. The presence of emphysema, which can be shown by impaired capillary alveolar diffusion or by chest TC, leads to an overlap diagnosis of asthma and COPD (ACOS), while currently no inflammatory markers, which may differentiate ACOS from severe asthma, are available for clinical use. In order to draw definitive conclusions about the differences and similarities among ACOS, asthma and COPD, further prospective studies, enrolling patients with bronchial obstruction, commonly excluded from asthma and COPD studies, are needed. These patients, in fact, show “not-typical” characteristics but, in real life, they share a significant part of subjects with obstructive bronchial pathology.
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